Public Agenda (Accra)
Charles Abugre
10 July 2009
opinion
That there is a carnival spirit in Accra, Ghana, ahead of Obama's visit to this small West African country is to be expected. I recall the excitement on the streets of Accra in October 1994, when Minister Louis Farrakhan of the Nation of Islam led 2,000 blacks from America to Accra, for the Nation of Islam's first International Saviours' Day.
Crowds poured out on the streets to greet them. He came to preach awakening and redemption. In March 1998, amidst low approval ratings and sex scandals, the Clintons took Accra by storm. Bill Clinton was mobbed - much like a rock star - and later draped in colourful Ghanaian kente. He preached hope for Africa, offered aid but also apologised for America standing by as hundreds of thousands were slaughtered in the Rwandan genocide. A decade later, President George Bush (JNR), suffering the lowest approval rating of any US president and a villain of an illegal and murderous war in Iraq rolled into town. He was received a hero, a saviour of Africa from diseases. He danced and was fettered. He preached freedom and democracy and promised to increase aid for HIV/AIDS and malaria, whilst denying aggressive American agenda to militarise the continent in order to secure strategic access to petroleum resources.
So what is new about Obama's visit? The trip to Ghana will be his second trip to Africa in a month, only 7 months into his presidency. He went first to Cairo, Egypt, early in June. This is a record, and signifies that Africa is more than of passing interest. Second, there has never been an American president with roots in Africa, making his visit something of a home-coming, whether he sees it that way or not. Being a "son of Africa" carries more meaning to Africans - not least pride, dignity and hope - than anything he might say or do. Yet what he says about Africa on this trip will carry significantly more meaning for this same reason. Third, Obama means to the world more than a US politician. He has become a brand, for which, like all brands, there is a massive contestation over the values and meanings underpinning it. He means hope, a "wind of change"; the triumph of common humanity, equality of peoples and cultures and many more. But he also means pragmatism, a manifestation of American power, responsibility and interests.
President Obama is scheduled to make a major speech in Ghana. He will address Africans through a Ghanaian audience. What he says will influence the way the world sees Africa and Africa's place in the world. What he says will reveal his attitude towards a continent much preached to and done to, and whose history is often discarded. He will address the Ghanaian parliament and by extension African law-makers. He will visit the slave holding castles in the West of Ghana, and by that act, reach out to the history of slavery, the civil rights movement and the history of colonisation that followed slavery.
What will be a good speech for Africa which breaks from the paternalism of his predecessors and yet lays grounds for America's better interests based on Africa's progress? First, there should be an acknowledgement of history - how the current is shaped by the past. His Cairo speech, believed to be directed largely at the "Muslim world", is an excellent parallel. There he acknowledged that today's realities are rooted in centuries of coexistence as well as in conflicts and wars. A new beginning will need to acknowledge this history and be built on mutual respect, mutual interest and mutual listening. He talked about what Islamic culture had given to the world - timeless poetry, cherished music, elegant calligraphy etc. He talked about the unbreakable bond with Israel because it is based on cultural and historical ties. He acknowledged America's wrongs against Iran, especially the role the CIA played in the overthrow of a democratically elected government.
The parallels with Africa are stark. No where else can one better acknowledge humanity's collective debt in relation to culture, music and calligraphy (at least in the case of Ethiopia), multiculturalism and history of the co-existence of diverse cultures than Africa. If anyone will acknowledge what Africa offers to the rest of the world other than mineral resources, it has to be a "son of Africa". It will be good to hear that Africa doesn't only export poverty and conflict. There is much more in the history between Africa and America to make the bonds "unbreakable"
Obama's visit to Ghana coincides with the 100th anniversary of the birth of its founding father Kwame Nkrumah. He will be arriving at an airport built by Nkrumah, speaking in a parliament building constructed by Nkrumah and enjoying electricity which is the product of Nkrumah's investments. All these projects were once touted in the West as "white elephants", including the expansion of the port and harbours, trunk roads. He will be speaking to an educated elite most of whom would have had their foundations in Nkrumah's relentless investments in education. When he lauds Ghana's relative peace, he will be minded to note that this has its roots in the pursuit of equitable development strategies of the 1960s that has spread opportunities to all ethnic groups. That the state means something to Ghanaians - well worth risking to promote democratic governance - is rooted in a culture of essential service provisioning by the state, began in the 1960s.
When Obama reflects on these he may be minded to apologise for the CIA's role in overthrowing a democratically elected government of Kwame Nkrumah to satisfy cold war strategic interests. In doing so, he may also be minded to extend this apology to the role the CIA played in removal from power of Patrice Lumumba and the resulting mess that is today's Democratic Republic of the Congo. Military coups in Africa - the biggest threat to democracy and good governance - were introduced by the CIA and other western intelligence. To not acknowledge that in a speech focused on good governance is to trivialise Africa's history of struggle for democracy. A good son of Africa couldn't possibly do that.
In his focus on good governance, President Obama may be minded to note that the experience that Africans have of the military is not of protectors but instruments of destructive interests - whether these are domestic or foreign. Militarisaltion portends interference in democratic processes. The experience of foreign military build-ups portend external intervention to prop up dictators, or mess up the electoral process, for the protection of strategic foreign interests. If Obama is serious about democratic and accountable governance to take root in Africa, he will be minded to dispel the fear (and the rumour) that the United States is actively militarising the Gulf of Guinea through increased activities of US naval forces. He should signal loud and clear that he respects the African Union's reluctance to extend the US military footprint in Africa, whether by providing landing facilities or hosting an AFRICOM facility. He should dispel the rumour circulating in Ghana, when he speaks to the Ghanaian parliament, to the effect that Ghana's former president John Kufuor had done a deal allowing US forces set up bases on Ghanaian soil.
Democracy and good governance are hard to sustain peacefully when the mass of the population do not have education and jobs - the latter being a source of taxation to sustain the institutions of democracy. When public institutions are funded either by foreign aid or indirectly by foreign companies, rather than the tax system government accountability tends to de facto be externally focused. Not all types of jobs are conducive to democracy. Jobs that are concentrated in rural primary production tend not to produce the critical mass of activism and awareness as well as the network of institutions necessary to hold governments to account, compared with jobs in manufacturing and value-added services. Value-added production of goods and services as well as taxation, are in my view, the most potent instruments for democratisation. This is the sense in which one cannot separate the economy from the democratic process.
Obama's speech could helpfully draw these parallels. More than that, he can do something about it in two main ways: extend his crusade against tax dodging to Africa and review current US economic relations with Africa. The issue of taxation applies to the capacity to collect tax, the sharing of natural resource rents between Africans and foreign mining companies - many of which are American or trade on US stock markets - and tax dodging through the use of tax havens. It will be wonderful if Obama were to call upon the Newmonts of this world and other multinational companies to publish their accounts on a country by country basis, including the profits they make and how the profit are shared or re-invested. It will be sufficient even to note the harmful nature of tax dodging by multinational companies. Similarly, it will be helpful if Obama were to state that in accordance with the UN Convention on Corruption, the United States will prosecute American or African companies or individuals operating in American markets who are suspected of bribery, tax evasion or aggressive tax avoidance. This will send a wonderful deterrence signal. Addressing the tax problem can put into the African economy annually no less than $50bn.
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